The Kingdom Of The Hittites History Essay

The Kingdom Of The Hittites History Essay Two Archaeologist who were among the first ones to take an interest in the Hittites were the French adventurer-explorer called Charles Texier (1834), and British scholar called Archibald Henry Sayce (1876), who gave lectures to the Society of Biblical Archaeology about a group of people referred to in the Bible as the Hittites. Sayce puts forward a bold new theory-that the Hittites, far from being an insignificant Canaanite tribe, were in fact the masters of a great and widespread empire extending throughout the Near East (Bryce, 2002, p2). The German archaeologist Hugo Winckler began excavating the site, examining over 1000 clay tablets which had been discovered. They were inscribed in the cuneiform script; the Hittites used cuneiform script on their writing. Hieroglyph form was also used and it was intended for ordinary people so that they would understand the contents (Sansal, 2010). Winckler was able to read a number of these tablets, since they are in the language called Akkadia n, the international language of diplomacy in the second millennium BC. He discovered the Akkadian version of a treaty which the pharaoh Ramesses II drew up with Hattusili, king of the Hittites, in the twenty-first year of his reign. This, combined with other evidence, made it clear that the site under excavation is the Hittite capital, later to be identified as Hattusa (Bryce, 2002, p2). Today a lot of work is taking place at these sites on the supervision of German archaeologist. Hittites chose to settle in Anatolia due to the rich source of timber and agricultural products of all kind, and more importantly an abundance of the mineral wealth which with the advance of the civilization became increasingly necessary. The mountains of Anatolia are rich in metal-deposits (MacQueen, 1986. P13-15) Chronology remains a big problem when studying this region. Many of the dates established for the area are ultimately dependent on Egyptian sources.The Hittite history is divided into 3 phases Old Kingdom 1680-1500, Middle Kingdom 1500-1430, Empire 1430-1200. Total collapse around 1180 BC. (Matthews, 2010) A Hittite king was constantly inundated with decisions, as he was not only the supreme ruler, but also a judicial authority, high priest, and a military commander. All important matters in these fields had to be reported to the king. He had a large number of aristocrats and personages who possessed a significant amount of power and were assigned with vital roles in the kingdom. These men were always blood relatives of the king (Bryce, 2002, p16). Hattusili I, 1650-1620 BC was the first Hittite king to expand into north Syria, including Aleppo and Alalakh. This demonstrates the early value of access to sea and trade for Hittites as Hattusa is located rather far from the sea (Matthews, 2010). Hittite kings adopted Hatti names and were greatly inspired by Hatti civilization in their art, religion, culture and mythology (Sansal, 2010) The army consisted of two main arms, infantry and chariots. The most important posts both in government and the army were given to the kings blood relatives, eldest sons and brothers. The infantry had a small core of permanent troops who acted as the kings personal bodyguard and were responsible for frontier-patrols and the crushing of rebellions (Macqueen, 1986. P56). Women also played an important part in the Hittites state. Queen Pudupepe, wife of Hattusili III, and the last queen of Suppiluliumas I were present in office until their husbands deaths and have been mentioned and portrayed in a number of clay tablets discovered (Gurney, 1990. P54). About 200 Hittite laws which were inscribed on two tablets, enclose the laws of this great empire. These include punishments for agricultural defence, adultery, theft, murder, defiance in case of slaves and many other rules and punishments (Sansal, 2010). A large number of tablets have been discovered baring these laws from later periods which indicate that the same laws were kept by later kings. At the lowest level of society were slaves. A person could become a slave through debts, through indentured servitude, as punishment of a crime, or through warfare (Collin, 2007. 117). An owner appears to ave had virtually unlimited power in his treatment of his slaves Bryce, 2002. p52). The art of fortification is an ancient one in Anatolia. A good example can be seen at the settlements in Hacilar II (c. 5400) which has an independent wall of mud brick between 1.5 and 3 m thick and provided with small towers which enabled the defenders to fire along the face of the wall. The slightly later (c. 5250) wall of Hacilar I are even bigger, and is built in a series of steps to give a clear field for covering-fire in front of it ( Macqueen, 1986. P64). Many building had mud-brick on stone foundations, with upper storey, and some had storage for grains (Matthews, 2010) Excavations show that streets had a strong tendency to be straight, and were usually well finished with a surface of coarse gravel. In an area where almost every site was on sloping ground, systems of terracing were constantly necessary, many streets had large drainage-channels, running down the middle and connected to lesser channels or clay pipes which carried dirty water into them from the houses on either side (Macqueen, 1986. P70) Agriculture played an important role in the economy of the Hittites. Some of the main crops included emmer-wheat and barley; but peas, beans, onions, flax, figs, olives, . Cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, dogs and were kept, and bees too were an important item (honey was important in diet). Daily diet consisted mainly of different sorts, of bread and cakes, milk, cheese, porridge or gruel, and meat and vegetable stews (Bryce, 2002, p74). There is evidence for the presence of doctors, builders, carpenters, goldsmiths, coppersmiths, potters, fishermen, and watchmen, although in many cases full-time professionals were employed only by the palace and temples (Macqueen, 1986. P97). Sometimes there is evidence for what can only be described as industrial areas, as trade played an important role in the economy and merchants from overseas visited the city often. These buildings can be especially in connection with metal-working, excavations show that these buildings could have fu nctioned as a shop in some areas of the town. Many seals have been discovered, but the signet-ring, like the cylinder-seal, was the exception, in the Hittite world. Newly- found seal-impressions which describe kuruntas as a Great King suggest that he was for a time able to seize power in the capital and will thus have to be added to the list of the Hittite monarchs (Macqueen, 1986, p9, p101). Pottery of Hittite type was in use throughout central Anatolia and in many areas affected by Hittite political or military influence. Perhaps the most attractive c type of Hittite pottery is the vessel in the form of an animal (Gurney, 1990. p163-165). Religion played an extremely important role among the Hittites, and it was involved mainly with serving the gods which in most cases was the weather gods Collin, 2007, p173-174). The kings prayed and made offerings to gods regularly at the temples dedicated to them. The temple was not only the building in which the great festivals took place, but also the home of the god throughout the year; inside it, he had his dining-room and his bedroom, and he had at his command a host of temple-servants attend to his every need (Bryce, 2002, p153). King Mursili II is best known among all the Hittite kings for his duty to gods and religion. This dedication to the gods and the vast number of temples built, was the main reason that Hattusa remained a capital throughout the years even though it was not the most ideal place to have as the centre of an empire mainly due to its extreme climate changes, the impossibility of the relocation of the gods temples made Hattusa the unchangeable capital. Most of the surviving evidence of temples relates to the official state-cult, little is known of local religious buildings, but inventories of their contents, preserved at the capital, tell us something of their furnishings and their festivals; the principal object in a shrine was a cult-image of normal size, usually a weapon, an animal or a huwasi-stone, an upright Stella set on a carved base (Macqueen, 1986, p111). Only towards the end of the Imperial period were these objects beginning to be replaced by anthropomorphic images, usually the gift of the king. Small buildings used for cult purposes also existed in Hattusas itself, and several have recently been excavated in the southern part of the city. Hittite art is basically naturalistic, in the sense that it portrays human beings, animals and occasionally objects. About three-quarters of a mile north-east of Bogazkoy lies Yazilikaya the most impressive of all Hittites religious structures. One of the gods depicted here is Teshub (Sansal, 2010). Here at a point where a spring of fresh water once flowed, is an outcrop of rock which forms two natural Chambers of different sizes; the problems with interpreting the sculptures of Yazihkaya in terms of find ritual and belief have certainly not all been solved (Macqueen, 1986, P 123-127). It has been pointed out by the excavators that the temple buildings, unlike those of the capital, were weakly constructed, and cannot have supported an upper storey; this suggests that they were not in daily use, but were reserved for some special function, perhaps an annual event (Bittel, 1970. P107-8) Cremation was widespread in central Anatolia; from textual resources it is known to be the funerary custom of the Hittite Kings. The ordinary people of Hattusa, however, were either buried or cremated (Bryce, 2002. P176-7). At Bogazkoy, for instance, bodies were often buried in or near the houses. Burial gifts were few and poor in quality and no social distinction can be made in terms of types or location of burial (Macqueen, 1986. P133) Hattusa is located at the southern end of the Budakozii Valley adjacent to the stream of the same name, which has cut a large cleft into the rocks to form a natural citadel that was settled already at the end of the Early Bronze Age; easily defensible, the citadel commanded a view of the entire Late Bronze Age city called Buyilkkale today (Bryce, 2002. P33). Here was located the palace, which was the residence of the king, his family, and their retinue, and, adjacent to it, the administrative buildings, including an extensive library and chancellery; the oldest part of the city is located in the Lower City to the north, in the area around and including the Great Temple (Bryce, 2002. P33). In this temple, priests saw to the needs of the Storm-God and Sun-Goddess, the divine couple who ruled the Hittite pantheon. Three monumental gates are located in the southern part of the city. Each of the three gates is decorated with elaborate sculpture that helps to define their separate uses. From an artificial embankment at the highest and southernmost point of the city, known as Yerkapi, two carved sphinxes once looked down protectively upon the temple quarter; the gate was accessible from the outside only by two steep, narrow staircases and so is unlikely to have been a regular point of entrance to the city. Its narrow open gateway has a shrine-like feel, and it may have served primarily as the stage for religious celebrations (Collin, 2007. P35). A large tablet uniquely made of bronze found near the Sphinx Gate contains the text of a treaty between Tudhaliyas IV and his cousin Kuruntas king of Tarhuntassa, a son of Muwatallis, and gives important geographical information on south and south-west Anatolia (Macqueen, 1986. P8-9). The Lion Gate located near Temple 3, to the southwest, so-called because of the two massive lions in stone designed to impress those entering the city, probably served as the citys formal entrance for dignitaries and other important visitors (Collin, 2007, p35). A bronze sword of Aegean type, found outside the Lion Gate and inscribed with a dedication by Great king Tudhaliyas when he shattered the Assuwa-country, is important confirmation of the Assuwa campaign of Tudhaliyas I and of early Hittite contact with the west and the Aegean coast (Macqueen, 1986. P8-9). The Kings Gate with a deity carved in high relief on it, is believed to have been used primarily for special occasions, due to its very close distance from Temple 5. Professor Neve notes that Temple 5 with an area of 3,000 m is the biggest sacred building in the upper city (Bryce, 2002. P242-3). To the south-east of the South Citadel In Hattusa, a large sacred pool has been revealed, some 92m by 65m in area, supplied by an aqueduct from the north of the kings Gate. At the western end of this po ol is a large embankment, 100 m long and 30 m wide, under which are two barrel-vaulted chambers. One of those, built over an older water-channel, is decorated with the relief of a king and an inscription of suppiluliumas II which describes it as a sacred path to the underworld (Macqueen, 1986. P8-9). These gates were also there to give protective aid of supernatural powers, by being designed to keep evil influences and evil men at bay. Excavations show that in the ridge called Bulyukkaya, the Hittites built an extensive granary comprising rectangular cellars dug into the earth( Collin, 2007. P16), with a capacity to store some four to six thousand tons of grain totals, this indicated that the city prepared for siege and also for bad harvest years (Matthews, 2010). New excavations in the western part of the Upper City, dominated by Sarikale, have revealed that the area was settled already in the sixteenth century. The square structures dating to this period are thought to have been barracks for military troops, thus clearing up the mystery of where Hattusas defenders resided (Collin, 2007). There is focus on the new excavations (since 2001) in the western part of the Upper City in the valley west of the rock of Sarikale, which may provide evidence of the elusive residential quarter. One major challenge remaining for excavators is to find a royal tomb (Collin, 2007. P16). In the south-west the Shipwreck near Uluburun, east of Kas, has provided a rich cargo which includes copper, tin, gold, glass, ivory, ebony, amber, ostrich-egg shell, terebinth resin, pellets or purple murex dye, a scarab of Nefertiti, and a wooden folding writing tablet, as well as a wide assortment of jewellery, weapons, tools, weights and other equipment; the wreck vastly increases our understanding of international sea-trade and also of shipbuilding techniques c. 1300 BC. (Macqueen, 1986) Conclusions: The Hittite empire collapsed around 1180 BC, at end of the late Bronze Age. Early in the twelfth century, the royal capital Hattusa was destroyed by fire, and with its destruction the Anatolian kingdom of the Hittite came to an abrupt end. This occurred within the situation of the widespread upheavals linked with the fall down of many Bronze Age kingdoms throughout the Near East and mainland Greece (Bryce, 2002. P9) . This empire had a fragile political unit, perhaps due to the location of its capital and the great mixture of people living within it, which made union rather more difficult and sensitive. Harvests were failing, and grain had to be imported from as far afield as Egypt to ward off famine, which caused the empire to be on the edge. Hittites disappeared from central Anatolia but survived as small Iron Age kingdoms in the south east of Turkey and northern Syria; these are the peoples referred to in the Bible, whom we call Neo-Hittites (Matthews, 2010). While Hittitology con tinues to be a dynamic and evolving field of study, it is nevertheless still a relatively young and relatively small field, and there is still much to learn about its people and history.

Ptsd in Soldiers Returning from Combat

Assignment 1Carrie Mowatt Introduction PTSD is classified as a severe anxiety disorder which is likely to develop when a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events. This study consists of surveys which measure the levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from active duty in both Iraq and Afghanistan. The research will attempt to show soldiers returning from an extended tour of duty are at high risk for developing these mental issues. As discussed in class, stress is any challenge to the system and has an effect on one's emotions as well as their physical well being. Measuring the effects of war on a soldier is sure to expose signs of stress. If a soldier should show signs of posttraumatic stress they could most likely experience things such as anxiety, aggression, with drawl and impaired cognitive performance which would effect their everyday lives and due harm to their physical wellbeing. Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to identify soldiers who were most at risk of experiencing posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms after serving time in a combat zone. Their goal was to gather information so they may develop intervention programs which would be beneficial in assisting troops who have displayed signs of posttraumatic stress and or depressive symptoms. Participants The participants in this study consisted of 4,089 United States soldiers returning from active duty in Iraq and or Afghanistan. Over half of those who participated were white males. The remainder of the subjects were Black, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Asian, Native American, Biracial or other. Only a few surveyed were female. Methods Participants were given surveys in a classroom setting. The information gathered consisted of the soldiers age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, military rank, time served and number of children living at home. In order to measure the levels of posttraumatic and depressive symptoms, participants were asked a series of questions such as, if they had seen any counselor since returning including counselors for personal problems. Soldiers were asked to rate their feelings when exposed to certain situations, such as, whether they felt isolated or nervous around other people, or if they experienced bad dreams involving the horrible things which they endured while serving their time in either Iraq or Afghanistan. They also answered questions which involved rating their satisfaction with life. Results After the research was calculated it was determined that almost half of the participants reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms or both. Soldiers returning from Iraq reported higher levels of posttraumatic stress than those returning from Afghanistan and were more likley to seek counseling. However, soldiers returning from Iraq were more satisfied with life than those returning from Afghanistan. It was shown in soldiers returning from both Iraq and Afghanistan that being separated or divorced was related to higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Soldier who were single or separated were more likely to seek counseling than soldiers who were married. Soldiers of a higher ranking were less likely to report symptoms. Those who had counseling prior to redeployment were more likely to report symptoms. Problems One problem with this study would be that the soldiers involved volunteered to participate in this research. I believe it would have been better to test soldiers at random therefore you would possibly have a much different outcome if the soldiers tested were not already willing to offer up this personal information. Or by handpicking the participants the researchers would have a more controlled experiment. I see the ratio of white males to ethnic males in this study to be a problem also. More than half of the soldiers in this study were white males. They should include a higher number of men from other ethnic groups or do a separate study on each ethnic group of soldiers in order to have a more accurate conclusion which could be referenced by the appropriate group. A clear issue to me is the almost invisible female presence in this study and that only six percent of soldiers involved were women. It is obvious the researchers should either include more women or make this study specifically male oriented. Lastly, the lack of knowledge concerning the lives of the soldiers before they were deployed threatens the results of this study. Not knowing what their exact mental state was before being exposed to highly stressful situations makes it hard to determine if the results are accurate. As for trying to determine a solution for this, it is difficult to say what could be done to measure this. Conclusion After reading this article I would conclude that soldiers returning from war are highly likely to show signs of posttraumatic stress and or depressive symptoms. The research showed that soldiers who weren't married were more likely to report depressive symptoms. I am not sure if this means they are more depressed or if it is just that married soldiers are less likely to report the depression. It could be that married men choose not to come forward and admit symptoms in order to appear strong and continuously brave to their family. The results could also mean having a family and a strong social support system could help aid the soldiers. I feel there were many faults in this study and it is mainly directed towards soldiers who are male, white and married. Also, the strictly volunteer basis of this study makes it hard to determine acurately how many soldiers actualy suffer from PTSD or are likely to show symptoms after returning from war. Reference Page Lapierre, C. B, Schwegler, A. F, and LaBave, B. J (2007). Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms in Soldiers Returning from Combat Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 933-943.

Essay on Julius Caesar - 1948 Words

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These key events leading up to the Ides of March—and the aftermath that follo wed—are important to understanding the immense effect Caesar s death had onRead MoreThe Downfall Of Julius Caesar1087 Words   |  5 Pages Augustus paper In his seventy sixth year Julius Caesar was assassinated by several senators on August 19, 14 CE. (Mellor 1). After Julius Caesar’s death, Antony (one of Caesar’s closest advisors) was expected to rule after him, but little did anyone know that Caesar was very fond of his nephew who voyaged with him on several missions and secretly adopted this fellow who went by the name of Gaius Octavius. (Mellor 6) Octavius would soon go by the name Augustus and become one of the greatest leaders

Questions On The Domestic Violence - 2627 Words

100 Domestic Violence FÐ °Ã' tÃ'• 1. Japan is known for bÐ µÃ'â€"ng big Ð ¾n video-games, Ð °Ã'• a matter Ð ¾f fact they Ð µvÐ µn hÐ °vÐ µ a DÐ ¾mÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"Ã'  Violence VÃ'â€"dÐ µÃ ¾ GÐ °mÐ µ. 2. DV, SÃ'€Ð ¾uÃ'•Ð °l Abuse Ð °nd Ã'â€"ntÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ partner Ð °buÃ'•Ð µ Ã'•tÐ °tÃ'â€"Ã'•tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'• come frÐ ¾m Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' twÐ ¾ mÐ °jÐ ¾r Ã'•Ð ¾urÃ' Ã µÃ'•, AgÐ µnÃ' Ã'Æ' DÐ °tÐ ° Ð °nd Survey Data. The Ã'€rÐ ¾blÐ µm with the dÐ °tÐ ° Ã'â€"Ã'• that it Ã'â€"Ã'• biased bÐ µÃ' Ã °uÃ'•Ð µ it is too varied, Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€lÐ µx Ð °nd partially unvÐ ¾luntÐ µÃ µrÃ'â€"ng. 3 FÐ °Ã' t: DV shelters fundÐ µd bÃ'Æ' thÐ µ Federal GÐ ¾vÐ µrnmÐ µnt are nÐ ¾t required to Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' Ã µ Ã'â€"nfÐ ¾rmÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °nd dÐ ¾ not, Ã'â€"nfÐ ¾rmÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °bÐ ¾ut what they do, hÐ ¾w mÐ °nÃ'Æ' numbÐ µrÃ'• Ã'â€"n Ð ¾r Ð ¾ut Ã'â€"Ã'• unknown, Ã'•tÐ °tÃ'â€"Ã'•tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'• and algorythims a re nÐ ¾t recorded, thÃ'â€"Ã'• dÐ ¾Ã µÃ'• nÐ ¾t hÐ µlÃ'€ determine Ã'â€"f domestic violence is rÃ'â€"Ã'•Ã'â€"ng or dÐ µÃ' rÐ µÃ °Ã'•Ã'â€"ng. 4. Legally and fullÃ'Æ' married Ã' Ã ¾uÃ'€lÐ µÃ'• rÐ µÃ'€Ð ¾rt less thÐ °n 5% of†¦show more content†¦12. DÐ ¾mÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"Ã'  VÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ã'â€"Ã'• a dÃ'â€"Ã'•Ð µÃ °Ã'•Ð µ as Ã'â€"t Ã' Ã °n be trÐ °nÃ'•mÃ'â€"ttÐ µd frÐ ¾m Ð ¾nÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n tÐ ¾ thÐ µ Ð ¾thÐ µr. 13. BÐ °ttÐ µrÐ µd wÐ ¾mÐ µn Ã'•hÐ µltÐ µrÃ'• Ã'•Ð µrvÐ µ mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ã' hÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn than thÐ µÃ'Æ' dÐ ¾ women. 14. All AbuÃ'•Ð µrÃ'• dÐ ¾ in fÐ °Ã' t feel guÃ'â€"lt and Ð °rÐ µ Ð °frÐ °Ã'â€"d Ð ¾f bÐ µÃ'â€"ng Ã' Ã °ught. 15. StÐ °tÃ'â€"Ã'•tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'• Ð ¾n Domestic VÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ð °rÐ µ not Ã'€rÐ µÃ' Ã'â€"Ã'•Ð µ, nÐ µvÐ µr hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð °nd never will bÐ µ. HÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, Ã'•tÐ °tÃ'â€"Ã'•tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'• Ã' Ã  µrtÐ °Ã'â€"nlÃ'Æ' Ã' Ã °n become mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °Ã' Ã' urÐ °tÐ µ. 16. WÐ ¾mÐ µn can Ã'â€"ndÐ µÃ µd Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt thÐ µmÃ'•Ð µlvÐ µÃ'• Ã'â€"f thÐ µÃ'Æ' lÐ µÃ °vÐ µ a dÐ ¾mÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"Ã'  violence rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÃ'•hÃ'â€"Ã'€, Ð µvÐ µn if thÐ µÃ'Æ' believe otherwise. There are mÐ °nÃ'Æ' Ã'€rÐ ¾grÐ °mÃ'• available fÐ ¾r DV vÃ'â€"Ã' tÃ'â€"mÃ'•. 17. When a vÃ'â€"Ã' tÃ'â€"m decides tÐ ¾ lÐ µÃ °vÐ µ and gÐ µtÃ'• caught is when they are in thÐ µ mÐ ¾Ã'•t danger. 18. Domestic vÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ã'â€"Ã'• a leading Ã' Ã °uÃ'•Ð µ Ð ¾f homelessness nÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °llÃ'Æ'. 19. 25 % Ð ¾f all vÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µnt crimes rÐ µÃ'€Ð ¾rtÐ µd Ã'â€"n thÐ µ UK Ð °rÐ µ domestic violence rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd. 20. DÐ ¾mÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"Ã'  VÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ã' lÐ °Ã'â€"mÃ'• the life Ð ¾f 2 wÐ ¾mÐ µn a wÐ µÃ µk minimum, based Ð ¾n what is reported. 21. Often it is mÐ ¾Ã' kÐ µd, dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd foolis h and comic whÐ µn a man Ã' lÐ °Ã'â€"mÃ'• being a vÃ'â€"Ã' tÃ'â€"m Ð ¾f dÐ ¾mÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"Ã'  vÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µnÃ' Ã µ, however Ã'•tudÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'• show thÐ °t mÐ µn lÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r lÃ'â€"fÐ µ tÐ ¾ dÐ ¾mÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"Ã'  violence at similar rÐ °tÐ µÃ'• Ð °Ã'• women dÐ ¾. 22. Certain tÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð µÃ'• Ð ¾f AbuÃ'•Ð µrÃ'• Ã' Ã °n bÐ µ very well lÃ'â€"kÐ µd Ã'•Ð ¾Ã' Ã'â€"Ð °llÃ'Æ', Ã' Ã °n Ã'•Ð µÃ µm very nÃ'â€"Ã' Ã µ Ð ¾ut of thÐ µ home dÐ µbunkÃ'â€"ng any Ã' lÐ °Ã'â€"mÃ'• the victim may hÐ °vÐ µ and mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng them fÐ µÃ µl NON-CrÐ µdÃ'â€"blÐ µ. 23. 63% Ã'€Ð µrÃ' Ã µnt of Ð °ll murdÐ µrÃ'• Ã' Ã ¾mmÃ'â€"ttÐ µd bÃ'Æ' bÐ ¾Ã'Æ'Ã'• bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn the ages Ð ¾f 11 thrÐ ¾ugh 20 kill thÐ µÃ'â€"r mother s